Techno-Economic Feasibility of Sustainable Off-Grid Electricity for Selected Residential Estates in Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51459/jostir.2026.2.1.0303Keywords:
Sustainable, Off-grid, Photovoltaic, Life cycle cost, Residential estate, Ikoyi, ElectricityAbstract
This study examined both the technological and economic feasibility of the design of an off-grid, photovoltaic (PV)-powered digital energy infrastructure in strategic residential estates in Ikoyi, Lagos state, Southwestern Nigeria. This research was intended to develop a strategic model in developing sustainable and economical power options. Site-based data on the techno-economic facets were gathered by site-visit, survey and literature review. Additionally, an engineering foresight analysis was utilized to evaluate potential energy projects and carbon dioxide emission reduction. According to the results, the housing estate uses 27.7MW of energy overall. The required energy consumption gave rise to the design of a 28MW PV system. Additionally, the PV system will cost $525,552 to build and $57,545 to operate each year. With an annual energy usage of 10,108,288 kWh and a total life cycle cost (LCC) of $0.16/kWh, the electricity generated $1,617,326 in income. The PV system will eliminate 2,708,733kg of CO2 from the atmosphere in addition to providing constant electricity supply. The Study found that the PV system stand-alone alternative electric power initiative for Housing Estates in Ikoyi Lagos State was technically feasible and economically viable.
References
Adefarati, T., Bansal, R.C., Naidoo, R., Onaolapo, K.A., Bettayeb, M., Olulope, P.K. and Sobowale, A.A., 2024. Design and techno-economic assessment of a standalone photovoltaic-diesel-battery hybrid energy system for electrification of rural areas: A step towards sustainable development. Renewable Energy, 227, p.120556.
Adeyeye, S.A., Oyewole, O.B., Obadina, A.O. and Omemu, A.M., 2015. Influence of smoking method on quality of traditional smoked Bonga shad (Ethmalosa frimbriata) fish from Lagos State, Nigeria. African Journal of Food Science, 9(4), pp.200-207.
Agbo, E.P., Edet, C.O., Magu, T.O., Njok, A.O., Ekpo, C.M. and Louis, H., 2021. Solar energy: A panacea for the electricity generation crisis in Nigeria. Heliyon, 7(5).
Al-Ghezi, M.K., Ahmed, R.T. and Chaichan, M.T., 2022. The Influence of Temperature and Irradiance on Performance of the photovoltaic panel in the Middle of Iraq. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 11(2), p.501.
Alsharif, M.H. and Kim, J., 2016. Optimal solar power system for remote telecommunication base stations: A case study based on the characteristics of South Korea’s solar radiation exposure. Sustainability, 8(9), p.942.
Koksal, M.A., Rowlands, I.H. and Parker, P., 2015. Energy, cost, and emission end-use profiles of homes: An Ontario (Canada) case study. Applied Energy, 142, pp.303-316.
Babatunde, M.A. and Shuaibu, M.I., 2009, August. The demand for residential electricity in Nigeria: A bound testing approach. In Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on Empirical Methods in Energy Economics.
Bala, E.J., 2014, March. Nigeria’s power sector reform: what next after privatization. In Power Electr. World Africa Conf.
Bala, E.J. and Pam, G.Y., 2012. Energy sources and sustainable development of the north. In A paper presented at Conference on “The North and Strategies for Sustainable Development,” organised by Arewa House, Kaduna, Nigeria (pp. 5-6).
CBN (2017). Statistical Bulletin. Available at: https://www.cbn.gov.ng/out/2018/sd/2017%20statistical%20bulletin_explanatory%20notes_final.pdf. Accessed on: 11/06/2024.
Charles, A. and Meisen, P., 2014. How is 100% renewable energy possible for Nigeria. Global Energy Network Institute (GENI), California.
DODO, U.A., ASHIGWUIKE, E.C. and ERONU, E.M., 2021. Renewable energy readiness in Nigeria: a review focusing on power generation. UNIABUJA Journal of Engineering and Technology (UJET), 1(1).
Hasan, M. M., Hossain, S., Mofijur, M., Kabir, Z., Badruddin, I. A., Yunus Khan, T. M., & Jassim, E. (2023). Harnessing solar power: a review of photovoltaic innovations, solar thermal systems, and the dawn of energy storage solutions. Energies, 16(18), 6456.
IEA (2020). World Energy Outlook. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2020. Accessed on: 11/06/2024.
IHA (2018). Africa Hydropower Regional Profile. Available at: https://www.hydropower.org/region-profiles/africa. Accessed on: 26/06/2024.
Islam, M. T., Huda, N., Abdullah, A. B., & Saidur, R. (2018). A comprehensive review of state-of-the-art concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies: Current status and research trends. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 987-1018.
Kumar, S.S. and Vijayan, S.N., 2016. Solar tracking system using a refrigerant as working medium for solar energy conversion. Int. J. Mech. Aerospace, Ind. Mechatron. Manuf. Eng, 10(8), pp.1610-1615.
Maka, A.O. and Alabid, J.M., 2022. Solar energy technology and its roles in sustainable development. Clean Energy, 6(3), pp.476-483.
Mas’ud, A.A., Wirba, A.V., Muhammad-Sukki, F., Mas’ud, I.A., Munir, A.B. and Yunus, N.M., 2015. An assessment of renewable energy readiness in Africa: Case study of Nigeria and Cameroon. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, pp.775-784.
Mitrašinović, A. M. (2021). Photovoltaics advancements for transition from renewable to clean energy. Energy, 237, 121510.
Nadabo, S. L. (2010). Renewable Energy as a Solution to Nigerian Crisis. Final Research Thesis at the University of Applied Sciences (Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis).
Njok, A.O., Iloke, J.I., Panjwani, M.K. and Hussain, M.F., 2020. The impact of coloured filters on the performance of polycrystalline photovoltaic panel in an uncontrolled environment. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(4), p.4436.
Njok, A.O., Ogbulezie, J.C., Panjwani, M.K. and Larik, R.M., 2020. Investigation of monthly variations in the efficiencies of photovoltaics due to sunrise and sunset times. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 18(1), pp.310-317.
Ogbulezie, J.C., Njok, A.O., Panjwani, M.K. and Panjwani, S.K., 2020. The impact of high temperature and irradiance source on the efficiency of polycrystalline photovoltaic panel in a controlled environment. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(4), p.3942.
Ogundari, I.O., Akinwale, Y.O., Adepoju, A.O., Atoyebi, M.K. and Akarakiri, J.B., 2017. Suburban housing development and off-grid electric power supply assessment for north-central Nigeria. International Journal of Sustainable energy planning and Management, 12, pp.47-63.
Ogundari, I., Ayoola, P. and Bakare, O., 2021. Techno-economic assessment of municipal natural gas-powered (Off-Grid) alternative electric power supply in Lagos State, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Technology, 28(1), pp.28-36.
Oji, J.O., Idusuyi, N., Aliu, T.O., Petinrin, M.O., Odejobi, O.A. and Adetunji, A.R., 2012. Utilization of solar energy for power generation in Nigeria. International Journal of Energy Engineering, 2(2), pp.54-59.
Okoro, O.I. and Madueme, T.C., 2006. Solar energy: a necessary investment in a developing economy. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 25(01), pp.23-31.
Olanipekun, B. A., & Adelakun, N. O. (2020). Assessment of renewable energy in Nigeria: challenges and benefits. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT)–Volume, 68.
Omolade, A., Nwosa, P. and Amassoma, D., 2019. Structure and nature of alternative sources of electricity supply to households in Nigeria. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 17(2), p.147.
Onajomo, T.S., 2022. Geospatial assessment of land use/cover, rainfall, and flood incidents in Eti–Osa, Lagos, Nigeria. South African Journal of Geomatics, 11(2), pp.202-217.
Ononuju, F.N., Nwosu, J.I. and Ukaegbu, V.U., 2024. Economic evaluation of mineral deposit: A bottom-up approach. Scientia Africana, 23(2), pp.341-350.
Onuk, O.E., Akuru, U.B., Animalu, A.O.E., Unachukwu, G.O. and Oparaku, O.U., 2011. Utility interactive solar PV energy demonstration project at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. African Journal of Physics, 4, pp.104-111.
Osueke, C.O. and Ezugwu, C.A.K., 2011. Study of Nigeria’s energy resources and its composition. Int. J. Sci. Res. Eng, 2, p.12.
Rahman, A., Aziz, T. and Deeba, S.R., 2021. A time of use tariff scheme for demand side management of residential energy consumers in Bangladesh. Energy Reports, 7, pp.3189-3198.
Rahman, A., Farrok, O. and Haque, M.M., 2022. Environmental impact of renewable energy source based electrical power plants: Solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, tidal, ocean, and osmotic. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 161, p.112279.
RENA (Editor) (2019). The Nigerian Energy Sector “An Overview with a Special Emphasis on Renewable Energy. Energy Efficiency and Rural Electrification 2nd Edition.
Romano, A.A., Scandurra, G., Carfora, A. and Fodor, M., 2017. Renewable investments: The impact of green policies in developing and developed countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, pp.738-747.
Sambo, A.S., 2005. Renewable energy for rural development: the Nigerian perspective. ISESCO Science and Technology Vision, 1(2005), pp.12-22.
Sawin, J. L., Sverrisson, F., & Wilson Rickerson. (2015). Renewables 2015 Global Status Report. Available at: http://www.ren21.net/wpcontent/uploads/2015/07/GSR2015_KeyFindings_lowres.pdf. Accessed on: 05/28/2024.
Shaaban, M. and Petinrin, J.O., 2014. Renewable energy potentials in Nigeria: Meeting rural energy needs. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 29, pp.72-84.
Sulaiman, S.A., Hussain, H.H., Leh, N.S.H.N. and Razali, M.S., 2011. Effects of dust on the performance of PV panels. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 58(2011), pp.588-593.
Onwuzuruike, J.A. and Aminu, M.A., 2019. Experimental determination of panel generation factor for Apo area of Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria. J. Sci. Res. Reports, 24(3), pp.1-5.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.